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# How Cryptography Protects Blockchain Data ## TL;DR Cryptography secures blockchain data through three core mechanisms: **cryptographic hashing** creates tamper-evident fingerprints linking blocks immutably, **Merkle trees** enable efficient integrity verification of transaction sets, and **digital signatures** using public-key cryptography ensure only authorized owners can execute transactions. These combined mechanisms make blockchain data practically immutable and verifiable. ## Core Cryp

A crypto scam is any fraudulent scheme that uses cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, or related services to trick people out of their money, personal information, or assets. Common characteristics include: | Typical Tactics | Description | |-----------------|-------------| | **Fake ICOs / Token Sales** | Promises of a new token with unrealistic returns, often with a polished website and whitepaper, but the project never launches or the team disappears after raising funds. | | **Ponzi / Pyr